Psychoanalytic theories of crime causation are primarily associated withSigmund Freud. The correct answer is option a.Freud'spsychoanalytic perspectiveemphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and personality development in shaping criminal behavior.According to Freud, unresolved conflicts and repressed desires can manifest as criminal acts. He proposed that individuals with unresolved psychological issues, such as unresolved aggression or the inability to control impulses, are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.Freud's theories highlight the significance of early childhood experiences, the influence of the unconscious mind, and the interplay between the id, ego, and superego in understandingcriminal behavior.His emphasis on unconscious motives, defense mechanisms, and the impact of unresolved conflicts has contributed to the development of psychodynamic approaches to criminology.While other theorists likeCesare Lombroso, William Sheldon, and H.H. Goddard have made contributions to the field of criminology, they are not specifically associated with psychoanalytic theories of crime causation.The correct answer is option a.To know more aboutSigmund Freudrefer to-brainly.com/question/1843701#SPJ11...

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