The early Harappan history remains elusive due to a lack of evidence for centralized political structures, combined with the destruction caused by geological and environmental factors that led to their decline around 1700 BCE.Much of the early Harappan history remains a mystery primarily due to the lack of clear evidence concerning the political organization and beliefs of the Harappan people. Their decline, around 1700 BCE, can be attributed to a combination of geologic, climatic, and environmental factors such as tectonic movements leading to earthquakes, shifts in river courses, reduced rainfall, and deforestation. These adverse events degraded the environmental conditions, impacting agriculture and the food supply, and consequently, the urban areas and their civilization slowly declined.The Harappan Civilization, which was first excavated in 1920, was initially discovered after its great cities had been buried in silt and laid dormant for centuries. This remarkable civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, surpassed other early riverine civilizations in size and was known for its advanced urban planning, including features like indoor plumbing, grid-like street patterns, and large public structures.However, despite extensive archaeological work, many questions regarding their political systems, social hierarchy, and the precise reasons for their decline remain unresolved due to evidence predominantly suggesting coordination in planning yet lacking significant structures typical for centralized political authority or independent city-states. The collapse may have been further influenced by environmental degradation from resource exploitation, climate change, disease, and possibly vulnerabilities to external attacks....

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