Final Answer:Natural disturbances like fires or hurricanes often lead to a predictable sequence of changes inecosystemsknown as ecological succession, where new species gradually replace the old ones over time. Thus, the correct answer is option d.successionExplanation:Natural disturbances, such as fires or hurricanes, can result in succession. Succession is a process in ecology where ecosystems undergo a series of predictable changes in species composition and structure over time. These disturbances can disrupt existing ecosystems by removing or altering vegetation and habitat, creating opportunities for new species to colonize and establish themselves.Initially, pioneer species like grasses and fast-growing plants colonize the barren landscape left by the disturbance. Over time, as soil conditions improve and these pioneer species modify theenvironment, other, more complex plant and animal species can move in. This process continues in a series of stages, ultimately leading to the development of a stable and mature ecosystem.In this context, natural disturbances like fires or hurricanes act as ecological drivers, shaping the direction of succession. They can trigger both primary succession on bare, lifeless substrates or secondary succession in already established ecosystems.Successionis critical for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem resilience as it allows for the adaptation and evolution of species in response to changing environmental conditions.Thus, the correct answer is option d.successionLearn more aboutEcosystemsbrainly.com/question/34832475?referrer=searchResults#SPJ11...

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