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Identify each of the following as a claim of fact, a claim of value, or a claim of policy. Explain what kinds of evidence you would use to support or refute each claim. What assumptions and implications would you associate with each claim? What warrants?
Identify each of the following as a claim of fact, a claim of value, or a claim of policy. Explain what kinds of evidence you would use to support or refute each claim. What assumptions and implications would you associate with each claim? What warrants?a. The popularity of reality television has decreased the willingness of media executives to develop, fund, and support more imaginative television shows.
b. Rather than sending men and women into outer space, we should be using those resources to fix the problems with public schools.
c. Global warming is a misnomer; what is happening is less a result of human energy use and more a simple experience of long-term climatic change.
d. Social harmony is more important than personal freedom. e. It is necessary that people be allowed to curse and use foul language on occasion, because such uses of language let off steam that might otherwise result in violence.
Final answer:Each statement is categorized as a claim of fact, value, or policy, with explanations and the types of evidence needed to support or refute them. Assumptions, implications, and warrants specific to each claim are discussed, highlighting the importance of context and evidence in evaluating such claims.Explanation:Identifying whether a statement is a claim of fact, value, or policy involves analyzing the purpose and the nature of the statement. Here are the identifications and explanations for each type:a. The popularity of reality television has decreased the willingness of media executives to develop, fund, and support more imaginative television shows. - This is a claim of fact, as it purports that a change in popularity has a direct effect on executive decisions. Evidence could include statistical data on viewership trends for reality TV versus imaginative shows, and interviews or statements from industry executives.b. Rather than sending men and women into outer space, we should be using those resources to fix the problems with public schools. - This statement is a claim of policy, suggesting a shift in how resources should be allocated. To support or refute this, one would use data on the costs and benefits of space exploration versus the needs and potential benefits of investing in schools.c. Global warming is a misnomer; what is happening is less a result of human energy use and more a simple experience of long-term climatic change. - This could be seen as a claim of fact, arguing about the causes of global warming. Scientific evidence such as climate studies, historical data on climate patterns, and research on the impact of human activities would be relevant.d. Social harmony is more important than personal freedom. - This is a claim of value, as it expresses a judgment about the relative importance of social harmony compared to individual freedoms. Evidence might consist of philosophical arguments, examples of societal outcomes from different balances of these values, and cultural studies.e. It is necessary that people be allowed to curse and use foul language on occasion, because such uses of language let off steam that might otherwise result in violence. - This could be interpreted as a claim of policy, advocating for the allowance of certain language usages. To support it, one could use psychological research on catharsis, sociological studies on violence, and freedom of speech considerations.Assumptions involved in these claims could relate to beliefs about human behavior, the motives and actions of corporate executives, the effectiveness of educational funding, the predictability of climate change, and societal values. Similarly, implications may include the potential for decreased innovation in television, the prioritization of earthly problems over exploration, the questioning of human impact on the environment, the potential for restricting personal freedoms for the sake of harmony, and the acceptance of offensive language as a means of preventing violence.Warrants for these claims might involve widely accepted values, such as the value of innovative media, the importance of education, concern for the environment, social stability, and personal expression....