Final answer:Governing institutions and processes are primarily established by a constitution, which sets the foundational framework for governance. Supreme Court rulings, federal and state laws, and state referenda influence operations within these frameworks, often adjusting or interpreting existing structures rather than creating them.Explanation:Governing institutions and processes are principally established and defined by a constitution. Both the national and state governments have their own constitutions and court systems, laying the foundational framework for governance and law. While decisions by the Supreme Court, federal and state laws, and state referenda can have significant impacts on how these institutions operate, they do so within the boundaries set by the respective constitutions.For example, the United States Constitution not only outlines the structure of the federal government but also sets forth the process by which amendments may be added and interprets laws through judicial review. Amendments and Supreme Court decisions can lead to evolved interpretations of the Constitution, affecting policy and governance. Similarly, state governments operate under their own constitutions, which can be amended through legislative actions and voter referenda, reflecting a form of direct democracy and providing checks and balances within the system.A referendum is an example of direct democracy that allows citizens to confirm or repeal government decisions, but does not create governing institutions or processes in itself. Instead, referendums and initiatives often act as mechanisms for the public to directly engage with and influence the laws and policies that arise from governing institutions....

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