Solved:
Answered by AI, Verified by Human Experts
Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don’t Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don’t Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Group A (Happy)
Group B (Sad)
Group C (Neutral)
Number of Words Remembered
16
14
9
Groups A and B vs. Group C
Statistically significant difference
d = .36
Group A vs. Group C
Statistically significant difference
d = .30
Group B vs. Group C
Statistically significant difference
d = .41
Group A vs. Group B
No statistically significant difference
d = .09
a) What are the independent and dependent variables in the study?
b) What control is being used in the study?
c) Sketch/create a graph/figure for the results of this study.
d) Is the independent variable manipulated as an independent (between)-measures or repeated (within)-measures design? Defend/explain your answer
e) True or False, this study can be completed as a repeated-measures design? Explain/support your answer.
f) Dr. Lonsbary’s study contains which technique(s) designed to address a threat to construct validity?
g) For this study, how would you assess internal and external validity? Explain/support your answer.
h) For this study, which inferential statistic (test statistic) is most appropriate to analyze the difference in the groups?
a) The independentvariablein the study is the mood manipulation.b) The control used in the study is the assignment of participants to different mood conditions using a random drawing of cards.c) Thex-axiswould represent the three groups: Group A (Happy), Group B (Sad), and Group C (Neutral). The y-axis would represent the number of words remembered.d) The independent variable in this study is manipulated as an independent (between)-measures design.e) False, this study cannot be completed as a repeated-measures design.f) Dr. Lonsbary's study uses random assignment of participants to different mood conditions (Group A, B, or C) to address the threat to construct validity.g) Internal Validity: The study appears to have good internal validity.External Validity: The external validity of the study may be somewhat limited.h) The most appropriate inferentialstatisticto analyze the difference in the groups would be an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc tests.What's the information about?a) Theindependent variablein the study is the mood manipulation, which has three levels: Group A (Happy), Group B (Sad), and Group C (Neutral). The dependent variable is the number of words remembered by the participants.b) The control used in the study is the assignment of participants to different mood conditions using a random drawing of cards. This helps ensure that any differences observed in memory performance are due to themanipulationof mood and not to pre-existing differences between the groups.c) The x-axis would represent the three groups: Group A (Happy), Group B (Sad), and Group C (Neutral). The y-axis would represent the number of words remembered. You would have threebars, one for each group, and the height of each bar would represent the average number of words remembered by participants in that group.d) The independent variable in this study is manipulated as anindependent(between)-measures design. Each participant is assigned to one of the three mood groups (A, B, or C), and they experience only one level of the independent variable (i.e., happy, sad, or neutral mood).e) False, this study cannot be completed as a repeated-measures design. In a repeated-measures design, the same participants are exposed to multiple levels of theindependentvariable, and their performance is measured repeatedly under each condition. In this study, each participant is assigned to only one mood condition (either happy, sad, or neutral), and their performance is measured once.f) Dr. Lonsbary's study uses random assignment of participants to different mood conditions (Group A, B, or C) to address the threat to construct validity. By randomly assigning participants, she ensures that any pre-existing differences between participants in terms of mood aredistributedevenly across the groups, reducing the likelihood that these differences confound the results.g) Internal Validity: The study appears to have good internal validity. The randomassignmentof participants to mood conditions helps control for potential confounding variables. The external validity of the study may be somewhat limited. The sample consists of high school students, which may not generalize to other age groups or populations.h) The most appropriate inferential statistic to analyze the difference in the groups would be an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post...