Final answer:Independence is not considered an element of conflict within social studies; it could actually reduce conflict by removing interdependencies that lead to disputes.Explanation:The question focuses on elements of conflict and which of the provided options does not represent anelementof conflict. In examining conflicts, particularly in sociological or social studies contexts, certain elements are commonly identified. These include perceived scarce rewards, which relate to competition over resources or recognition, and expressed struggle, which indicates the outward manifestation of conflict through actions or communication. However,independenceis generally not considered an element of conflict. In fact, independence could potentially reduce conflict by eliminating the interdependencies that can lead to competition and strife. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is 'b. independence' as it is not typically an element that contributes to conflict.Looking at the referenced material, collective dilemmas, decision-making biases, characteristics of bureaucracies, Marx's view on social evolution, cognitive dissonance, complex interdependence, collective action problems in group sizes, conflict theory in educational sorting, and predictors of job satisfaction are all concepts that help in understanding various aspects of conflicts and social dynamics. These concepts reflect the multi-faceted nature of social relationships and the complexity of societal structures....

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