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Final answer:According to food safety guidelines, the tuna salad should be served or discarded within two hours of it being removed from refrigeration, which would be by 11:00 am.Explanation:The time by which the tuna salad must be served or thrown out is based on food safety guidelines which aim to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), perishable food that's been left out withouttemperaturecontrol for more than two hours should be discarded.Thus, in the case of the tuna salad, which was removed from the cooler at 9:00 am and left unattended at room temperature, it should be served or discarded by 11:00 am, two hours after it was removed from refrigeration. This guideline helps minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses by limiting the time food spends in the 'danger zone' of temperatures (between 5°C and 60°C), which is the ideal range for bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli to multiply rapidly.Learn more about Food Safety here:brainly.com/question/33878419#SPJ11...